Alopecia is a medical term used to describe hair loss from the scalp or other parts of the body. It can affect people of all ages and genders and may occur gradually or suddenly, depending on the underlying cause. Hair loss can range from mild thinning to complete baldness, and it may be temporary or permanent. One common type is alopecia areata, an autoimmune condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks hair follicles, leading to patchy hair loss.

There are many causes of alopecia. Genetic factors play a major role in androgenetic alopecia, also known as male or female pattern baldness. Other causes include hormonal changes, stress, nutritional deficiencies, certain medical conditions, infections, and side effects of medications or medical treatments. Physical or emotional stress can sometimes trigger a temporary form of hair loss called telogen effluvium.

The symptoms of alopecia vary depending on the type. Some individuals notice round or oval patches of hair loss, while others experience overall thinning or complete loss of hair on the scalp. In some cases, eyebrows, eyelashes, or body hair may also be affected. Although alopecia is not usually harmful to physical health, it can have a significant emotional and psychological impact, particularly on self-esteem and confidence.

Diagnosis is based on medical history, physical examination, and sometimes blood tests or scalp analysis. Treatment options depend on the cause and may include medications, topical solutions, lifestyle changes, or supportive therapies. While not all types of alopecia can be cured, many can be effectively managed. With proper medical guidance and emotional support, individuals with alopecia can adapt and maintain a positive quality of life.