Thyroid disorders are conditions that affect the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck. The thyroid produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, energy levels, and overall body functions. When the thyroid produces too much or too little hormone, it can lead to various health problems.

The two most common thyroid disorders are hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces insufficient hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair thinning, constipation, and slow heart rate. It is often caused by autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, iodine deficiency, or certain medications. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid produces excess hormones, resulting in symptoms like weight loss, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, nervousness, tremors, sweating, and difficulty sleeping. Graves’ disease is a common autoimmune cause of hyperthyroidism.

Other thyroid problems include goiter (enlarged thyroid), thyroid nodules, and, rarely, thyroid cancer. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels (T3, T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and imaging studies or biopsy if needed.

Treatment depends on the type and severity of the disorder. Hypothyroidism is usually managed with hormone replacement therapy, while hyperthyroidism may require medications to reduce hormone production, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery in severe cases.

With early diagnosis and proper treatment, thyroid disorders can be effectively managed. Regular monitoring of hormone levels, adherence to prescribed therapy, and a healthy lifestyle help maintain normal metabolic function, prevent complications, and improve overall quality of life.